In contrast, protective factors included fluid intake (0.55, 0.51–0.60), a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) style diet (0.69, 0.64–0.75), alcohol (0.69, 0.56–0.85), water, coffee, tea, vegetables, fruits, dietary fiber, dietary calcium (0.83, 0.76–0.90), and potassium.
Prominent risk factors for incident stones were body mass index (1.39,1.27–1.52), dietary sodium (1.38, 1.21–1.56), fructose, meat, animal protein, and soda. Resultsįifty relevant articles with 1,322,133 participants and 21,030 cases in total were identified. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were also conducted whenever possible. The I 2 statistic was employed to evaluate heterogeneity. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a random effects model. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched up to May 2019, for observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed modifiable lifestyle factors and risk of nephrolithiasis in adults. We aimed to review and quantify the associations between lifestyle factors and incident nephrolithiasis and suggest lifestyle changes for the primary prevention of nephrolithiasis. Dietary and lifestyle factors may play an important role in the increasing prevalence of nephrolithiasis.
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